Annex to BI subprogramme
1 Equations and functions needed
- Regression equation for calculating tree height from DBH, per tree species.
- Biomass (dry weight) functions for compartments, per tree species (Annex 6).
- Parameters of element concentrations in compartments of a tree, per tree species (Annex 6).
2 Procedures
Step 1. Height of all trees
- Select all living trees!
- Select sample trees!
- Construct the regression equation of height - DBH, i. e. Height = a + b * Log (DBH) for each species!
- Calculate height for all tree individuals by the regression equation!
Step 2. Biomass of tree compartments
Calculate biomass of tree compartments per tree individual according to species specific functions! The compartments are usually stem wood, stem bark, living branches, leaves/needles, dead branches, stump and roots. With functions where the crown limit is included the estimate is more precise.
Step 3. Stand types
- Classify stand types based on tree species composition, dominance and stand structure! Assign to each plot its stand type! Note that not all plots are representatives of the stand in which they are placed on the map!
- Calculate the total forested area!
- Calculate the area of each stand type!
Step 4. Biomass
Calculate and store data on the biomass of the whole area via (1) tree compartments, (2) species and (3) stand types!
Step 5. Bioelements
- Calculate element amount by multiplying biomass per tree compartment by element concentration!
- Sum the element content of all the compartments per element and species and lastly for each stand type.
- Multiply the data by the total area of each stand type obtained from mapping. The result is an estimate of the total biomass and the total bioelements for the whole catchment.
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Figure 1. Tree stand map of a catchment (left) and the map fragmented for area determination.
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Table 1. Examples of functions for the calculation of biomass of tree compartments in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) mainly based on Swedish conditions.
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Pinus sylvestris
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(Marklund 1988)
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Stem + bark
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T1
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Ln(SW+BA)= -2.3388+11.3264*d/(d+13)
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T2
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Ln(SW+BA)= -2.6768+7.5939*d/(d+13)+0.015*h+0.8799*Ln(h)
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Stem
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T5
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Ln(SW)= -2.2184+11.4219*d/(d+14)
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T6
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Ln(SW)= -2.6864+7.6066*d/(d+14)+0.02*h+0.8658*Ln(h)
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Bark
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T9
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Ln(BA)= -2.9748+8.8489*d/(d+16)
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T10
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Ln(BA)= -3.2765+7.2482*d/(d+16)+0.4487*Ln(h)
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Branch + needles
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T13
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Ln(LB+NE)= -2.8604+9.1015*d/(d+10)
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T14
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Ln(LB+NE)= -2.5413+13.3955*d/(d+10)-1.1955*Ln(h)
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Needles
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T17
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Ln(NE)= -3.7983+7.7681*d/(d+7)
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T18
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Ln(NE)= -3.4781+12.1059*d/(d+7)+0.0413*h-1.5650*Ln(h)
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Dead branch
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T21
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Ln(DB)= -5.3338+9.5938*d/(d+10)
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T22
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Ln(DB)= -5.8926+7.1210*d/(d+10)-0.0465*h+1.1060*Ln(h)
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Stump + root
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T25
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Ln(ST+RO)= -3.3913+11.1106*d/(d+12)
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T26
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Ln(ST+RO)= -1.5530+11.2246*d/(d+12)-0.0314*SI-0.0019*NKO
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Stump
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T28
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Ln(ST)= -3.9657+11.0481*d/(d+15)
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T29
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Ln(ST)= -2.1762+9.5137*d/(d+15)+0.3105*Ln(t)-0.0326*NKO
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Root ≥ 5cm
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T31
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Ln(RO≥5)= -6.3413+13.2902*d/(d+9)
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T32
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Ln(RO≥5)= -3.5882+13.6524*d/(d+9)-0.0467*SI-0.0306*NKO
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Root ≤ 5cm
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T34
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Ln(RO≤5)= -3.8375+8.8795*d/(d+10)
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T35
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Ln(RO≤5)= -3.5912+8.9776*d/(d+9)-0.0162*SI
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BA= bark (on stem)
CT= current twig
DB= dead branch
LB= living branch
LE= leaves
NE= needles
RO= roots
ST= stump
SW= stemwood
T1 etc= number of function in literature source
Ln= natural logarithm
d= diameter at breast height, cm
h= height, m
NKO= latitude coordinate (Marklund 1988)
SI= site quality index (Marklund 1988)
M, L, D = various habitat qualities
Table 2. Example of bioelement concentrations (g/kg dry weight) in Norway spruce (Picea abies), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and birch (Betula pendula and B. pubescens). Data are means of several published values from Scandinavia (Andersson 1970, Bringmark 1977, Finér 1989, Finér & Brække 1991, Mälkönen 1977, Mälkönen 1977, Mälkönen & Saarsalmi 1982).
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Species
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Compartment
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N
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P
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K
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Ca
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Mg
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Fe
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Mn
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Na
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S
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Zn
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Cu
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B
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Spruce
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Stem wood
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0.72
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0.05
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0.26
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0.73
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0.11
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0.0032
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0.124
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-
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-
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0.010
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0.0077
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0.000
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Pine
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Stem wood
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0.59
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0.03
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0.24
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0.48
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0.15
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0.0025
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0.047
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0.05
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0.45
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0.005
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0.0010
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0.000
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Birch
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Stem wood
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1.04
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0.06
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0.27
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0.54
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0.15
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0.0040
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0.068
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-
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-
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0.010
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0.0010
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0.000
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Spruce
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Stem bark
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4.09
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0.47
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1.92
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9.60
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0.74
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0.4530
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0.784
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-
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-
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0.100
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0.0030
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0.020
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Pine
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Stem bark
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3.83
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0.40
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1.19
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3.46
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0.50
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0.1605
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0.099
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0.02
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0.07
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0.020
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0.0040
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0.010
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Birch
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Stem bark
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5.13
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0.29
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0.93
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4.33
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0.38
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0.0220
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0.386
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-
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-
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0.120
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0.0050
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0.020
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Spruce
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Needles
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12.95
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1.36
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4.78
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4.63
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1.02
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0.0603
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0.838
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-
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-
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0.050
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0.0078
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0.010
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Pine
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Needles
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13.67
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3.91
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4.04
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3.02
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0.90
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0.0537
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0.417
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0.01
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0.08
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0.030
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0.0045
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0.010
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Birch
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Leaves
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22.90
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1.21
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6.45
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8.02
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2.75
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0.0840
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1.033
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-
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-
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0.060
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0.0100
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0.020
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Spruce
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Live branches
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5.80
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0.63
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2.28
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4.39
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0.62
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0.5400
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1.344
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-
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-
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0.050
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0.0063
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0.010
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Pine
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Live branches
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5.12
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0.56
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2.33
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2.50
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0.60
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0.0600
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0.883
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0.01
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0.13
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0.020
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0.0045
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0.010
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Birch
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Live branches
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4.98
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0.39
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0.99
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3.61
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0.57
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0.0290
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0.23
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-
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-
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0.690
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0.0070
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0.010
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Spruce
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Dead branches
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3.28
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0.18
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0.27
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4.71
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0.12
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0.1300
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0.108
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-
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-
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0.040
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0.0047
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0.010
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Pine
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Dead branches
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3.51
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0.18
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0.26
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2.06
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0.14
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0.8415
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0.05
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-
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-
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0.020
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0.0035
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0.000
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Birch
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Dead branches
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4.52
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0.21
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0.39
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3.20
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0.33
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0.0130
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0.18
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-
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-
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0.060
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0.0080
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0.010
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Spruce
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Branches+leaves
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9.38
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1.00
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3.53
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4.51
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0.82
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0.3002
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1.091
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-
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-
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0.050
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0.0071
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0.010
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Pine
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Branches+leaves
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9.40
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2.24
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3.19
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2.76
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0.75
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0.0569
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0.65
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0.01
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0.11
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0.025
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0.0045
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0.010
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Birch
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Branches+leaves
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13.94
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0.80
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3.72
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5.82
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1.66
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0.0565
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0.6315
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-
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-
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0.375
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0.0085
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0.015
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Spruce
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Stump+root
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1.49
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0.12
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0.88
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1.44
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0.16
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0.0625
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0.15
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-
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-
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0.010
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0.0020
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-
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Pine
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Stump+root
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0.74
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0.09
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0.65
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0.39
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0.12
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-
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-
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0.01
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0.13
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-
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-
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-
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Birch
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Stump+ big root
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3.52
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0.15
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0.58
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1.83
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0.31
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0.2250
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0.083
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-
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-
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0.020
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0.0030
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0.000
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Spruce
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Root
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6.70
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0.51
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1.60
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3.30
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0.45
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0.4000
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1.05
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-
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-
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0.040
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0.0060
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-
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Pine
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Root (1-5 cm)
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1.21
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0.21
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1.14
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0.66
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0.24
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-
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-
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0.01
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0.06
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-
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-
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-
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References
Andersson, F. 1970. Bot. Not. 123:9 51.
Bringmark, L. 1977. Silva Fenn. 11:201 257.
Finér, L. 1989. Acta For. Fenn. 208:4 33.
Finér, L. & Brække, F. H. 1991. Scand. J. For. Res. 6:113 128.
Mälkönen, E. 1977. Comm. Inst. For. Fenn. 91.5:1 35.
Mälkönen, E. & Saarsalmi, A. 1982. Fol. Forest. 534:1 17.
Marklund, L. G. 1988. Sw. Univ. Agr. Sci., Dept For. Surv. Rep. 45.
Nihlgård, B. 1977. Oikos 26.